21 Mar 2006
Twitter born
Twitter says in its IPO prospectus that it was born on March 21, 2006, starting with the idea of sharing short updates of 140 characters.
Company
How Twitter and X unfolded
Twitter launched in 2006 and listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 2013. Elon Musk agreed to buy it for $54.20 a share in April 2022, tried to terminate the deal, was sued, and closed the purchase in October 2022. The platform was renamed X, folded into Musk's xAI in 2025 and became part of SpaceX in 2026, while the EU fined it under the Digital Services Act.
21 March 2006 to today · 30 dated events · 22 sources
Where it stands now · as of 31 October 2026
X is operated by subsidiaries of xAI, which SpaceX acquired on February 2, 2026. SpaceX is listed on Nasdaq under SPCX. The challenge by X, xAI and Musk to the EU's 120 million euro DSA fine was pending at the EU General Court as of SpaceX's October 22, 2026 filing.
per share paid in Musk's 2022 takeover$54.20
monthly active users at the 2013 IPO230m+
EU Digital Services Act fine, December 2025€120munder appeal
2022 civil penalty over use of contact data$150m
Overview · 21 Mar 2006 to Aug 2026 · click a dot to jump
2006
2007
Apr 2007
Incorporated in Delaware
Twitter, Inc. was incorporated in Delaware in April 2007, according to its prospectus.
May 2007
Jack Dorsey becomes chief executive
Co-founder Jack Dorsey served as president and chief executive from May 2007 to October 2008 and then became chairman of the board, according to company filings.
· · · 46 months later
2011
Mar 2011
FTC privacy order issued
The Federal Trade Commission issued an administrative order against Twitter in March 2011 covering how it protected users' nonpublic information, according to the Justice Department.
· · · 32 months later
2013
6 Nov 2013
IPO priced at $26 a share
Twitter's final prospectus, dated November 6, 2013, offered 70,000,000 shares at $26 each for listing on the New York Stock Exchange under TWTR. It reported more than 230 million monthly active users.
· · · 19 months later
2015
11 Jun 2015
Costolo to step down, Dorsey named interim CEO
Twitter announced that Richard Costolo would step down as chief executive effective July 1, 2015 and named co-founder Jack Dorsey interim chief executive.
30 Sep 2015
Dorsey appointed chief executive
The board appointed Jack Dorsey chief executive, while he continued as chief executive of Square, Inc.
· · · 74 months later
2021
29 Nov 2021
Parag Agrawal succeeds Dorsey
Twitter announced that Jack Dorsey was stepping down as chief executive and the board appointed chief technology officer Parag Agrawal to the role.
2022
4 Apr 2022
Musk discloses 9.1 percent stake and is offered a board seat
Elon Musk reported beneficial ownership of 73,115,038 Twitter shares, or 9.1 percent. Twitter agreed the same day to appoint him to its board, subject to a 14.9 percent ownership cap while he served.
25 Apr 2022
Turning point
Merger agreement with Musk at $54.20 a share
Twitter signed an agreement to be acquired by entities wholly owned by Elon Musk, with shareholders to receive $54.20 in cash per share.
25 May 2022
$150 million civil penalty over use of contact data
The Justice Department and FTC announced a proposed settlement requiring Twitter to pay a $150 million civil penalty. The government alleged that from May 2013 to September 2019 Twitter used phone numbers and email addresses collected for account security to help target ads, in violation of the FTC's 2011 order.
8 Jul 2022
Musk sends notice of termination
Twitter received a notice of purported termination of the merger agreement from Musk's side and said it would respond.
12 Jul 2022
Twitter sues Musk in Delaware
Twitter filed a complaint in the Delaware Court of Chancery seeking an order requiring Musk and his acquisition entities to complete the merger.
13 Sep 2022
Shareholders adopt the merger agreement
At a special meeting, holders of about 59.2 percent of outstanding Twitter shares voted to adopt the merger agreement.
27 Oct 2022
Turning point
Musk completes the acquisition
The merger closed, Musk became Twitter's sole director and the prior board members left. Trading in Twitter shares on the NYSE was suspended before the open on October 28, 2022.
2023
Jun 2023
Linda Yaccarino becomes chief executive
Linda Yaccarino became chief executive of the company in June 2023, replacing Musk in the role, according to AFP.
Jul 2023
Twitter rebranded as X
Twitter was rebranded as X in July 2023, and the Twitter brand was written down in a one time impairment, according to SpaceX's prospectus.
18 Dec 2023
EU opens Digital Services Act proceedings
The European Commission opened formal proceedings to assess whether X breached the Digital Services Act on risk management, content moderation, dark patterns, ad transparency and researcher data access.
2024
12 Jul 2024
EU preliminary findings against X
The Commission told X of its preliminary view that its blue checkmark design deceives users, its advertising repository falls short and it does not give researchers adequate data access.
2025
14 Jan 2025
SEC sues Musk over late stake disclosure
The SEC sued Musk, alleging he failed to timely report his more than 5 percent Twitter stake in 2022 and saved at least $150 million at the expense of Twitter shareholders.
28 Mar 2025
Turning point
xAI acquires X
xAI completed its acquisition of X Holdings Corp. through a share exchange, according to SpaceX's filings. AFP reported the all stock deal valued the platform at $33 billion.
9 Jul 2025
Yaccarino steps down
Linda Yaccarino announced she was stepping down as chief executive of X, AFP reported. The report did not name a successor.
“After two incredible years, I've decided to step down as CEO of 𝕏.”Linda Yaccarino, The Express Tribune
5 Dec 2025
Turning point
EU fines X 120 million euros under the DSA
The Commission fined X 120 million euros for breaching Digital Services Act transparency rules through the design of its blue checkmark, its advertising repository and its failure to give researchers access to public data. It was the first non-compliance decision under the DSA. SpaceX's filing says the decision was addressed to X Internet Unlimited Company, X Corp., X.AI Holdings Corp. and Elon Musk.
2026
23 Jan 2026
Lawsuits over Grok image features
Starting on January 23, 2026, lawsuits were filed in federal court in California alleging that Grok image features on X enabled nonconsensual explicit images, according to SpaceX's filing.
2 Feb 2026
Turning point
SpaceX completes acquisition of xAI and X
SpaceX completed its acquisition of X.AI Holdings Corp., making xAI and its X platform subsidiaries of SpaceX.
16 Feb 2026
DSA fine challenged at EU General Court
X, xAI and Musk challenged the Commission's DSA decision in the General Court of the European Union. The case was pending as of SpaceX's October 2026 filing.
4 May 2026
SEC proposes consent judgment with Musk trust
The SEC added Musk's revocable trust as a defendant and filed a proposed consent judgment for a $1.5 million civil penalty, without admission or denial, after which it said it would dismiss Musk personally.
15 Jun 2026
SpaceX, parent of X, completes its IPO
SpaceX closed its initial public offering on June 15, 2026, selling 638.9 million Class A shares at $135 each, including the underwriters' option, and listed on Nasdaq under SPCX. X is part of its Super Intelligence segment, according to its filings.
8 Jul 2026
Court approves SEC consent judgment
US District Judge Sparkle Sooknanan approved the consent judgment ending the SEC case, according to Bloomberg.
“In approving the parties' proposed consent judgment, the court stresses that its role is limited”Judge Sparkle Sooknanan, as quoted by Bloomberg, CPA Practice Advisor
Aug 2026
United States and Ireland seek to join DSA appeal
In July and August 2026, applications to intervene in the General Court case were filed by parties including the United States, Ireland, NetChoice and several civil society groups, according to SpaceX's filing.
Related timelines
Rivalry🇺🇸
Musk vs Trump
Elon Musk went from quitting Donald Trump's advisory councils in 2017 to endorsing him in 2024 and leading the Department of Government Efficiency. The two split pub...
2016 to now · 30 eventsOngoing
Court case🇺🇸
SEC v. Musk Twitter disclosure case
The SEC alleged that Musk failed to file a beneficial ownership report by 24 March 2022 after acquiring more than 5 percent of Twitter's common stock, in violation o...
2018 to now · 7 eventsOngoing
Company🇺🇸 🇮🇹
OpenAI
OpenAI was announced in December 2015 as a nonprofit artificial intelligence research lab and later added a capped-profit arm that drew billions of dollars from Microsoft...
2015 to now · 29 eventsOngoing
Company🇺🇸
Tesla
Tesla was formed in Delaware in July 2003, began delivering its Roadster sports car in 2008 and went public on Nasdaq in 2010. It expanded from electric cars into solar a...
2003 to now · 24 eventsOngoing
Sources
22 records, ranked by type- 1Subject's own statement7 Nov 2013Twitter, Inc. final prospectus (Form 424B4)Twitter, Inc. via SEC EDGAR · sec.gov
- 2Subject's own statement11 Jun 2015Twitter, Inc. Form 8-K, CEO transitionTwitter, Inc. via SEC EDGAR · sec.gov
- 3Subject's own statement5 Oct 2015Twitter, Inc. Form 8-K, appointment of Jack Dorsey as CEOTwitter, Inc. via SEC EDGAR · sec.gov
- 4Subject's own statement29 Nov 2021Twitter, Inc. Form 8-K, Jack Dorsey steps down and Parag Agrawal appointed CEOTwitter, Inc. via SEC EDGAR · sec.gov
- 5Subject's own statement5 Apr 2022Schedule 13D filed by Elon Musk for Twitter, Inc.Elon Musk via SEC EDGAR · sec.gov
- 6Subject's own statement5 Apr 2022Twitter, Inc. Form 8-K, letter agreement with Elon MuskTwitter, Inc. via SEC EDGAR · sec.gov
- 7Subject's own statement26 Apr 2022Twitter, Inc. Form 8-K, Agreement and Plan of MergerTwitter, Inc. via SEC EDGAR · sec.gov
- 8Subject's own statement11 Jul 2022Twitter, Inc. Form 8-K, notice of purported terminationTwitter, Inc. via SEC EDGAR · sec.gov
- 9Subject's own statement13 Jul 2022Twitter, Inc. Form 8-K, complaint filed in Delaware Court of ChanceryTwitter, Inc. via SEC EDGAR · sec.gov
- 10Subject's own statement14 Sep 2022Twitter, Inc. Form 8-K, special meeting resultsTwitter, Inc. via SEC EDGAR · sec.gov
- 11Subject's own statement31 Oct 2022Twitter, Inc. Form 8-K, completion of mergerTwitter, Inc. via SEC EDGAR · sec.gov
- 12Government document25 May 2022Twitter Agrees With DOJ And FTC To Pay $150 Million Civil Penalty And To Implement Comprehensive Compliance ProgramUS Attorney's Office, Northern District of California · justice.gov
- 13Government document18 Dec 2023Commission opens formal proceedings against X under the Digital Services Act (IP/23/6709)European Commission · ec.europa.eu
- 14Government document12 Jul 2024Commission sends preliminary findings to X for breach of the Digital Services Act (IP/24/3761)European Commission · ec.europa.eu
- 15Subject's own statement22 Oct 2026Space Exploration Technologies Corp. Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2026SpaceX via SEC EDGAR · sec.gov
- 16Subject's own statement12 Jun 2026Space Exploration Technologies Corp. final prospectus (Form 424B4)SpaceX via SEC EDGAR · sec.gov
- 17News report9 Jul 2025X CEO Linda Yaccarino steps down after two years (AFP)The Express Tribune · tribune.com.pk
- 18Official record14 Jan 2025SEC Files Complaint Against Elon Musk for Violating Beneficial Ownership Reporting Requirements (LR-26219)US Securities and Exchange Commission · sec.gov
- 19Official record4 May 2026SEC Amends Complaint and Files Proposed Final Judgment Against Trust (LR-26548)US Securities and Exchange Commission · sec.gov
- 20News report9 Jul 2026U.S. judge allows SEC Musk deal despite significant misgivings (Bloomberg)CPA Practice Advisor · cpapracticeadvisor.com
- 21Government document5 Dec 2025Commission fines X 120 million euros under the Digital Services Act (IP/25/2934)European Commission · ec.europa.eu
- 22Subject's own statement15 Jun 2026Space Exploration Technologies Corp. Form 8-K, closing of initial public offeringSpaceX via SEC EDGAR · sec.gov
Last updated 31 October 2026. Spotted an error? See corrections. Every event links to the record it comes from. Allegations are attributed to whoever made them.